1. Directional cues and positional landmarks are also used to create the cognitive map . 2. Much of the cognitive map is created through self-generated movement cues. 3. There are several ways that humans form and use cognitive maps . 4. The cognitive map is thus obtained by the integration of these two separate maps. 5. Several fish species are capable of learning complex spatial relationships and forming cognitive maps . 6. An important topic in cognitive geography is the cognitive map . 7. The idea of a cognitive map was first developed by Edward C . Tolman. 8. Cognitive maps enable planning capacities and use of current perceptions, memorized events, and expected consequences.9. "Not necessarily all positive, but it does put it on people's cognitive maps as a place. 10. Another method of creating cognitive maps is by means of auditory intake based on verbal descriptions.